Someone Knows My Name by Lawrence Hill Free Essay Example, 750 words

ï » ¿Someone Knows My Name by Lawrence Hill Racial inequality has been one of the most discussed topics in the American society for years. Thanks to successes of the U. S. abolitionist movement in the 19th century and African-American Civil Rights Movement in 1950-1960s, the racial issue got gradually resolved. Formally, inequality segregation ceased to exist in 1960s. Yet, the echo of discriminative racial policies of the past is still heard today. Strong anti-slavery and anti-discrimination themes of the historical novel Someone Knows My Name by Lawrence Hill relate to the existing racial controversy in the American society today discussed by Desmond S. King and Rogers M. Smith in the article â€Å"On Race, the Silence Is Bipartisan†. In Someone Knows My Name, the problem of racial discrimination and inequality is highlighted through the lens of Aminata Diallo, a former slave who got liberated by the British during the War for Independence. Diallo’s enlightening account that dates back to the early 1800s takes readers to the time of the African slave trade known for its brutality and abysmal conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Someone Knows My Name by Lawrence Hill or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Her message is no matter what race you are or what you eat, you share the same unique thing known as human nature. Given this, savagery and violence that filled the life of enslaved African-Americans need to be eradicated and should be never practiced again. To illustrate, Diallo’s thoughts of the black people’s powerless position due to the racial inequality policies are enhanced by an episode from her past: I was walking one day behind a yoked man who swerved without warning to the left. I had no time to react, and my foot sank into something wet and soft. Something like a twig cracked under my heel. I let out a scream. Under my foot was the body of a naked, decomposing man. I jumped away and ripped leaves from the nearest branch. In a frenzy, I wiped a mass of wriggling white worms from my ankle. I was shaking and wheezing. Fanta took the leaves and wiped my foot and held me and told me not to be afraid. But my hysteria escalated, even though Fanta barked at me to calm down, and I could not stop screaming. (Hill 41). The theme of racial inequality has been the focal message of â€Å"On Race, the Silence Is Bipartisan† by Desmond S. King and Rogers M. Smith. Specifically, the economic aspect of racial inequality has been discussed. The professors challenge the generally held view that racial issues have already been resolved and speak of the existing economic inequality between white and black, as well as Latino population in the United States. For instance, it is said that â€Å"in 2009, 35 percent of black households and 31 percent of Latino households had zero or negative wealth, compared with 15 percent of white households. † (King and Smith 1). The authors believe that this striking difference can be explained by the lack of â€Å"compromise policies† that address the needs of non-whites above all (King and Smith 2). Discussing the thematic connection between the mentioned works, one should mention the racial inequality point. Yet, the latter is represented differently. Hill’s account of racial discrimination at the end of 18th century unveils harsh violation of black people’s civil rights in each sphere of everyday life, while The New York Times article reveals economic differences between two racial groups that is interpreted as a manifestation of racial inequality. To illustrate, in Diallo’s time African Americans were perceived rather as animals, not human beings, and treated accordingly. On the contrary, â€Å"in a country where an African-American is the president† professors King and Smith identify the violation of economic rights in the first place (King and Smith 1). In other words, racial discrimination in the modern American society can be found in the figures of statistical estimates that explore the economic status of every social group, not in open vio lations of black people’s human rights. To conclude, things described in Lawrence Hill’s novel Someone Knows My Name connect to the events in the American society today through the racial inequality point. At the same time, the points discussed in the two works appear more different than alike: Hill’s description of black people’s powerless position focuses on the open violations of their human and civil rights, while King and Smith identify a lower economic status of the black population in general. Works Cited Hill, Lawrence. Someone Knows My Name. HarperCollins Publishers Australia, 2009. Print. King, Desmond and Rogers Smith. â€Å"On Race, the Silence Is Bipartisan†. The New York Times. The New York Times, September 2, 2011. Web. September 10, 2011.

What Type Of Anesthetics For Patients For A Pain Free...

Part A: Career Research Biology Chemistry Physics Earth-Science Anesthesiologist https://www2.careercruising.com/careers/profile-at-a-glance/ Anesthesiologist give anesthetics to patients for a pain-free surgery. They have long working hours, but make 100k-300k a year. They access medical history to choose what type of anesthetics to be given and monitor the patient during surgery. Requires University level education to attend med school. Chemical Engineer https://www2.careercruising.com/careers/profile-at-a-glance/88 Chemical Engineers design and operate equipment processes to change physical matter. They design and develop new machines to produce different chemical reactions. They make 45k-135k a year. Chemical engineers sometimes would work with different hazardous chemicals. Requires University level of education. Civil Engineering https://www2.careercruising.com/careers/profile-at-a-glance/95 Civil Engineer help to design buildings, railways, highways, bridges,etc. They plan on the construction of buildings and inspect the workplace of project sites. Spends 40-50 hours working and earn 40k-120k a year. Requires university level of education. Climatologist https://www2.careercruising.com/careers/profile-at-a-glance/706 Climatologist study different weather patterns and factors that would affect climate. They would collect data on past and present weather patterns and try to solve climate problems. They earn 47k-120k a year and spend around 40 hours a week working.Show MoreRelatedAnesthesi Surgery And Its Effects On Society1521 Words   |  7 PagesArmbrust February 11 2015 Anesthesia: Surgery Rewritten Anesthesia has redefined surgery. 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Once in the operating room, 1-2mg of midazolam was administered, then a dexmedetomidine infusion was started at 0.2mcg/kg/hr based on the patient’s lean body weight (LBW). Induction included the use of 100mcg of fentanyl, propofol, and eitherRead MorePerioperative Observation Paper1455 Words   |  6 Pagesclinical requirement for my Adult 1: Medical-Surgical course, I had the opportunity to observe a patient in the Operating Room and in the Post Anesthesia Unit of Advocate Good Samaritan Hospital. The procedure that I observed was a left total knee replacement. The patient needed this surgery because she was experiencing osteoarthritis, and this surgery could alleviate her pain and discomfort. I was with the patient from the end of her stay in the pre-operative holding area to the Operating Room, and thenRead MoreAnesthesia Paper6133 Words   |  25 Pagesshe was thrown intro a pit and buried alive. What was this mother’s crime? 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First of all, one must know what anesthesiology and an anesthesiologistRead MoreEthics in Cosmetic Surgery1367 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world are choosing to have cosmetic surgery. It seems to be an easy fix to problems that people perceive, even if the problems are natural, like breast size. In a sociological study done in the UK, the author found that â€Å"[T]o have breast implants requires a major medical procedure, but they are sold as a fashion accessory and the procedure is framed as a beauty treatment rather than an operation by those who sell it† (Taylor). While many cosmetic surgeries are fairly simple procedures, there isRead MorePersonal Narrative : Something You ll Always Forget1904 Words   |  8 Pagesmedicine, and few know about it. From pain management, to full surgical procedures, looking back at anesthesia has shown many advancements in the medical field. Over the years, anesthetics have made some vast improvements. 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Conflict between Soft Skills &Technical Skills-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the article Whose skill is it anyway? Soft skills and polarization written by Irena Grugulis and Steven Vincent (Grugulis and Vincent 2009). Answer: Introduction: The following report has concentrated on an article called Whose skill is it anyway? Soft skills and polarization written by Irena Grugulis and Steven Vincent (Grugulis and Vincent 2009). Different aspects of the article have been discussed in this report. Analysis: Focus: In the article Whose skill is it anyway? Soft skills and polarization, the writers have mainly concentrated on the skills that employers are looking for while recruiting employees in the organization. It has focused on the large business organization and analysed the recruitment process of the organization. It has mainly discussed about two basic skills on which employers focus, soft skills and technical skills (Grugulis and Vincent 2009). Problem: The main issue that has been discussed in the previously mentioned article is the preference of the recruiters is shifting from the soft skills to technical skills. According to the writers of the article, in recent time recruiters of the business organizations focuses more on the technical skills instead of the soft skills. The researchers have concentrated on exploring the reasons behind such practices (Grugulis and Vincent 2009). Key Ideas and Arguments: As per the article, in recent time, the employers concentrate on the technical skills of the employees while appointing them in any post. It helps skilled and talented employees to be appreciated by the authority. The writers claim that such practices mainly occur in the public sector. The competitive nature of the market has been increased drastically in past few years. It has led the organizational leaders to appoint some skilled and talented employees who have technical idea in the respective field. According to the report, the change in the nature of skill is the main reason for such practices. The report claims that, now a days skills include the capacity of team work, motivational power, judgement, leadership capabilities and so on. It has motivated employers to look for such employees that can stimulate the organizational performance by their technical skills. The report claims that there are some key issues with the soft skills, as it may influences discrimination in the work place. The writers have resented some examples of such workplaces where such discrimination occurs, such as- in call centres male employees are expected to meet their sales target whereas female employees are expected to perform in a significant manner. The study has provided some examples of renowned and large business organizations where soft skills are emphasised. The article has tended to distinguish between the soft skills and technical skills (Grugulis and Vincent 2009). Issues: Issues that must be enlightened from the study is that soft skills are mainly used in the case of women. They are allotted such tasks or such sections that suit their skills. However, the study has highlighted that it cannot enhance their position or reputation in the workplace. It will always distinguish them from other workers. Conclusion: As per the discussion, it can be concluded that there is a conflict between soft skills and technical skills. Employers are now a days looking for technical skills instead of soft skills as it will be beneficial for the future of their organization. References: Grugulis, I. and Vincent, S., 2009. Whose skill is it anyway? softskills and polarization.Work, employment and society,23(4), pp.597-615.

TCP/IP and OSI Networking Essay Example

TCP/IP and OSI Networking Essay In this essay I intend to analyse why networking software is divided into layers, and to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of such a division. I will then go on to analyse what the main differences between the networking protocols known as OSI and TCP/IP are. I will also attempt to analyse what factors led to their successes and failures respectively in terms of their diffusion into the technology sector. However, before we can discuss this, we must first be sure that we are aware of the meanings of terms such as networks, network architecture, protocols, and distributed networks/systems so I will begin by defining these phrases. Essentially, a network is the connection of two or more computers for the purpose of data communication and resource sharing. the formal definition of a network could be given as a number of interconnected devices capable of communicating and sharing each others resources (Bandyo-padhyway, 2000:157) As can be seen from the above quote, networking offers organisations a wealth of benefits. A network enables an organization to centralize its computer system and allows users to access the facilities of a large computer system via desktop computers. (Bandyo-padhyway, 2000:157) It could be said that network architecture is, in theory, a model for the set-up of a network. To help deal with this complexity, network designers have developed general blueprints usually called a network architecture that guide the design and implementation of networks. (Peterson Davie, 1996:29) We will write a custom essay sample on TCP/IP and OSI Networking specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on TCP/IP and OSI Networking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on TCP/IP and OSI Networking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Protocols, in the networking sense, could be considered as sets of rules or procedures that control how a message is sent from sender to receiver and all the factors involved in this process. A protocol is a set of rules or conventions which govern the way a message is transmitted from the sender to the receiver passing through a number of steps and via a number of network elements. (Bandyo-padhyway, 2000:178) Finally, a distributed network/system is where the tasks to be to be performed are distributed among a number of small PCs that are coordinated by a larger central computer. (Bandyo-padhyway, 2000:173) Having defined the aforementioned basic technological terms, I can now go on to my analysis of the reasons why networking software is divided into layers. The primary reason is that having separate distinctive layers reduces design complexity. By this, I mean having different layers means certain operations and tasks that must be carried out, can be carried out in a simple and organised order, rather than all at the same time. First, it decomposes the problem of building a network into more manageable components. (Peterson Davie, 1996:30) Layering allows for changes to be made at a specific layer, as a result of new ideas/innovation, and will not disrupt the software at other levels. Second, it provides a more modular design. If you decide that you want to add some new service, you may only need to modify the functionality at one layer, re-using the functions provided at all the other layers. (Peterson Davie, 1996:30) This means that it accommodates incremental changes more readily. (www. cs. wpi. edu/~rek/Undergrad_Nets/B03/HTTP_DNS. pdf) Another advantage of layering is that details of how the lower level services are implemented are shielded from the higher levels, allowing the higher levels to function more efficiently. This can be seen, from a more technological point of view, in the following quote. Many times there are multiple abstractions provided at any given level of the system, each providing a different service to the higher layers but building on the same low-level abstractions. (Peterson Davie, 1996:30) A final advantage of layering is that as a result of the different types of layers, making it so different types of translations can take place; different types of hardware are enabled to communicate. Having looked at the advantages of layering, I will now spend some time discussing its disadvantages. Some functions (like FDDI station management) really need to access and operate at multiple layers. (courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs5516/spring03/ slides/introduction_6. pdf) As the above quote displays, one disadvantage is since the software is split up into layers, functions will operate at one level at a time, where as some functions have the necessity to operate at several layers. Poorly conceived layers can lead to awkward and complex interfaces. (courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs5516/spring03/ slides/introduction_6. pdf) This quote shows us that unless a large amount of thought and work goes into each individual layer, then a very bad and hard-to-use interface can be the end-result. Another disadvantage is if new design for a layer is done, an old layer may become inappropriate or unsuitable given the properties of the new layer. (courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs5516/spring03/ slides/introduction_6. pdf) A final disadvantage of layering is something known as information hiding, this may take place and this can lead to inefficient implementations. (www-inst. eecs. berkeley. edu/~cs268/ sp03/notes/Lecture2. pdf) I have discussed why networking software is divided into layers as well as evaluating both the advantages and disadvantages of layering. I now intend to introduce the first of the aforementioned protocols Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), before then introducing the second. A number of different types of distributed systems were being developed in the 1970s and as a result, a range of standards had to be introduced. (Halsall, 1996:11) An organisation called the International Standards Organizaton (ISO) created the ISO Reference Model for OSI. The ISO was a body founded in 1945 to coordinate international standards for a wide range of industries. (The Internet in the Arena of International Standards) Below is a diagram of the OSI protocol, taken from Peterson and Davie. As can be seen, the OSI protocol has seven layers. The application layer provides the user interface to a range of networkwide distributed information services. The presentation layer is associated with the representation of data during transfer between two communicating application processes. The session layers job is to set up a communication channel between two communicating application layer protocol entities during a network transaction. The network layer is responsible for establishing a networkwide connection between two transport layer protocol entities. The link layers job is to build on the physical connection provided by the network to provide the network layer with a reliable information transfer facility. Finally, the physical layer is associated with the physical and electrical interfaces between the user equipment and the network terminating equipment. (Halsall, 1996:16, 17, 18) I will now introduce the second networking protocol so that we have a good understanding of them both, before analysing their differences. The second protocol is called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP was developed by the US Department of Defence (DOD) research project to connect a number of different networks designed by different vendors into a network of networks. (www. yale. edu/pclt/COMM/TCPIP. HTM) The idea behind the DODs thinking was that in the Cold War, if the right designated place was bombed successfully, then the whole countries network communication facilities would become inoperable. This was obviously be a bad thing and so the DOD wanted to develop a standard that would connect all the networks together to prevent this from happening. Below is the model of the TCP/IP protocol, taken from (www-staff. t. uts. edu. au/~sean/DSP. dir/dsp00s. dir/lect1. dir/sld014. htm) As can be seen, the TCP/IP protocol has only four layers. The application layer handles high level protocols. The transport layer deals with quality-of-service issues. The internet layer determines the path to forward packets of data. The network layer is concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to make a physical link. (www-staff. it. uts. edu. au/~sean/DSP. dir/dsp00s. dir/lect1. dir/sld014. htm) Now that I have briefly introduced both of the protocols, I will now move on to my analysis of their main differences. A difference between the two protocols in terms of their establishers is that OSI was orally established by Telcos, a telecommunications company and had a large connected emphasis linked to it. TCP/IP came more from a computing background with a large connectionless emphasis associated with it. Another difference that should be noted is that the two models have opposing approaches. The OSI model has a top-down approach meaning the processes that take place within the layers start at the top of the model and work their way down to the bottom. The TCP/IP model has a bottom-up approach meaning the processes taking place within the layers begin at the bottom of the model and move upwards. As can be seen from the models, the visible difference is the number of layers present within each. The OSI protocol has application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. Where as the TCP/IP protocol has only application, transport, internet and network layers. Even though some of the layers have different names, they essentially do the same thing. However, the presentation and session layers that are in the OSI model are not present in the TCP/IP model. This makes the two protocols technologically different. First there were the technical differences, chief among them that OSI had a more complicated and compartmentalised design. (Lyon Hafner, 2003:246) The above quote points out how the OSI design was considered to be very large and complex where as the TCP/IP design was far more simplistic and smaller. On the OSI side stood an entrenched bureaucracy, with a strong we-know best attitude, patronizing and occasionally contemptuous. There was a certain attitude among certain parts of the OSI community whose message was, Time to toll up your toy academic network,' recalled one ardent TCP/IP devotee (Lyon Hafner, 2003:247) We can see from the above quote that OSI was regarded as a potential official standard with a considerable amount of bureaucratic support, as opposed to TCP/IP, which was seen by some as a toy network for the academic world only, and would never have any real chance of becoming an official standard networking protocol. The reason being was that the OSI was created by the ISO, and the ISO had long been responsible for creating international standards for a variety of industries, as the following quote displays. Since the 1940s, ISO had specified worldwide standards for things ranging from wine-tasting glasses to credit cards to photographic film to computers. (Lyon Hafner, 2003:246) As a result of this official standardization reputation that ISO had created for themselves, OSI was backed by several governments, led by Europe, and was thought to be meeting the needs of the whole world. Another difference between TCP/IP and OSI, was that TCP/IP had actually been implemented where as the only thing OSI had to offer was the design model for the protocol, as the following quote shows. And it was a design, never tried. As far as the Internet crowd was concerned, they had actually implemented TCP/IP several times over, whereas the OSI model had never been put to the test of daily use, and trial and error. (Lyon Hafner, 2003:247) An extremely large difference between the two protocols is in relation to their impacts on the networking world respectively. OSI failed to become to the official international networking standard that it was predicted to be. TCP/IP, contrary to what many had anticipated, was a huge success within the networking protocol world and is used across the world today. However, one must ask, what factors led to this outcome? One factor was that one key TCP/IP developer, Bill Joy, decided that TCP/IP when bought was to come with free networking software, which was based on Unix. As can be imagined, the fact that one received free Unix networking software when buying TCP/IP with no extra charge dramatically helped push TCP/IP further than OSI. The first Sun machines were shipped with the Berkeley version of Unix, complete with TCP/IP. Berkeley Unix with TCP/IP would be crucial to the growth of the Internet. When Sun included network software as part of every machine it sold and didnt charge separately for it, networking exploded. (Lyon Hafner, 2003:250) To clarify, Sun was the name of the computer company that Joy joined as the Unix expert. Another factor that led to TCP/IPs success was the fact that ARPANET decided to switch over to it on January 1, 1983. ARPANET was the resulting internetwork developed when computer networks associated with a large number of universities and other research establishments were linked and it was in large usage. (Halsall, 1996:19) As a result, TCP/IP was pushed even further ahead when ARPANET switched its protocols from Network Control Protocol to TCP/IP as this meant only machines running the new protocols could communicate over the network. Lyon Hafner, 2003:248) Dennis Jennings tells us of a factor that largely contributed to the failure of OSI when it was announced by the manager of a company called ICL at a review meeting that the output of the OSI research would not be in the interests of ICL. The Commission then told ICL that they could do what ever they like. This meant that where would be no available implementation opportunities for OSI once the research had been completed, and Jennings feels that this made it so that OSI had absolutely no chance of success. So what ever the merits of having a set of open OSI protocols, it was a serious attempt to provide an available solution, and the Commission allowed the project to throw it away. OSI died at that meeting. Without available implementations, it had no hope. (Randall, 1997:218) Another thing worth saying is that because the Internet boomed and became increasingly popular, and TCP/IPs design had a layer devoted to the Internet, TCP/IPs popularity was again increased further as a result of the Internets rapid growth. One could argue that OSI, being a protocol that did not include a layer for the Internet in its design, was over-run by the Internets growth. A final factor I would like to mention is the belief that a main reason OSI was not a success was because it got too preoccupied with the standards process and attempting to approve too many that it became caught up with them. It is seen by some that this caused it to fail as it distracted OSI from the one single standard that it was supposed to produce, the following quote shows this. But ISOs plan to make the OSI protocols a single standard for all computer users was defeated by ISOs own practice of approving multiple standards. (International Standards). To conclude, the concept of layering within networking software is in usage as it provides many advantages in terms of the softwares performance itself. Although, it does also pose some disadvantages, I feel they are small in number are not strong enough to outweigh the advantages. My analysis of the two networking protocols, OSI and TCP/IP, shows their main differences in terms of technical as well as social factors. I have also discussed the two differing impacts the protocols had in the world of networking and have attempted to explain why by looking at important factors associated with their diffusions. From my analysis, one can see that OSI was mostly a failure, as opposed to TCP/IP which won the protocols war and is in large international usage today.